Auto Electricity & Electronics in electric vehicle

Overview of Electrical or Electronic Systems - (Electric vehicle)

Electric vs. Electronic -

Electric device

-  Uses electricity to do work
   (The device which use electricity to do work, example include electric motor, mechanical switches, mechanical relays, solenoids and light bulbs..)

Electronic device

-  Made of semiconductor material
-  Alters flow of electricity

   (A component that is composed of semiconductor materials, which allows the device to alter the flow of electricity. example include diodes, transistors, sensors and automotive computers. Also called electronic component or Solid state component..)

Advantages of Electric & Electronics -

-  Better efficiency

-  Faster

-  More accurate

-  Higher fuel economy & performance

-  Fewer toxic emissions

System Interaction-

-  All major system work together

-  Faults may be difficult to trace

-  Training is absolutely necessary

Computer systems-

(Electric or electronic devices that performs specific functions..)

-  Sensors

-  Computer

-  Actuators

-  Wiring harness

Sensors Detect-

-  Movement

-  Temperature Changes

-  Pressure Variance

-  Chemical Content

-  Part Location

-  Relation speed

-  Sound

-  Other conditions

Computer-

-  Complex set of electronic circuits

-  Uses sensor inputs

-  Produces programmed outputs

Actuators-

-  Receive signals from computer

-  Produce moment to alter system operation
   (Any output device controlled by computer.)

On-board diagnostics-

-  Analyze circuit operation

-  Display warning or malfunction indicator

-  Store trouble codes

-  Scan tool retrieves codes
(The function of main computer in Automotive computer system is that it analyses input from the sensors and sends instruction to the actuators.)

Starting system-
(A system that cranks the engine until the engine starts & run on its own power.)

Components-

-  Ignition switch 

-  Starter solenoid- (A solenoid that energises starting motor )

-  Starting motor- (An electric motor that uses a gear drive to crank or start the engine, also called starter.)

Charging system-
( A system that forces current back through the battery to recharge it and also provide electricity for all of the vehicle's electric devices when the engine is in running condition. This system serves as the electric power supply under the normal operating conditions..)

-  Alternator (Generator)- (A device in a vehicle that produces current by changing the spinning motion of the alternator pulley i.e mechanical energy into the electrical energy. The alternator feeds the electrical energy to the battery and to the other electric and electronics systems... Also called Generator.)

-  Voltage regulator- (In a vehicle, It is a semiconductor device that maintains an alternator output of approximately 13 to 15 volt.)

Ignition system- (A system used on gasoline engines to ignite the air fuel mixture. The system produces an extremely high voltage surge that operas the spark plugs. A very hot electric arc jumps across the gap between the electrode of the each spark plug at the correct time. these causes the engine engine's air fuel mixture to burn, expand and produce power. )

Purpose-

-  Ignites air fuel mixture

-  Monitors engine speed & other variables

Components-

-  Ignition switch- (A switch through which electricity flow to energise the starter solenoid.. )

-  Ignition coil- (A coil that produce high voltage output to fire the spark plugs.)

-  Spark plugs

Fuel system-

Electronic fuel injection-

-  Used in all late model vehicles

-  Injector pulse width controls fuel to engine- (The amount of time voltage is applied to keep an injector open. The ECU controls the injector pulse width.)

-  Almost instantaneous response to sensor inputs

Lighting System- (A system that provides illumination inside and outside of the vehicle.)

-  Provides illumination for night driving

-  Includes switches to control bulb operation

Future system-

   -  Fibre optics (A field of electronics in which light is used to carry a data through small strands of plastics or glass fibre. Also refers to cable which has light-carrying strands of plastic or glass..)

  -   Multiplexing (Carrying the several control signal in a single wire..)

Instrumentation system-

Navigation system-

-  Displays road maps

-  Provides vehicle location and direction 
(A system that uses display screen and satellite information to show road map of the vehicle location and direction. Using the global positioning system GPS, the navigation system cam plot vehicle location in real time yo help the driver finds hid or her location on map of the geographic area..)

Driver information system-
(A vehicle communication system that uses a small speaker, computers and numerous sensors to inform the driver of vehicle condition..)

-  Informs driver of vehicle conditions

-  Some use alphanumeric code (A code that contains letters or words and numbers.)

Climate control system -
(The system that automatically operates the air conditioning and heating system to maintain the passenger compartment temperature... )

Wiper/Washer system-

-  Primarily electrical
-  Small DC motor operates wiper

-  Electric pump in washer fluid reservoir

Horn system-

-  Switch on steering wheel

-  Relay sends current to horn 
(A system that uses a switch mounted on the steering wheel and relay to send current to the horns. the horns use coil operated diaphragm to produce sound waves and an audible sound.. )

Seat, Window, Lock & Sound system-

-  Power seat system- (In which the seats have small electric motor to control seat positioning. Multi posotion switches control the rotation and engagement of the motor to move a seats into various position)

-  Power lock system- (A vehicle lock system that uses solenoid to move the door lock knobs up or down.)

-  Power window system

-  Sound system- (A system that includes many audio devices such as an FM stereo, tape player, compact disc player, satellite radio. Late model vehicles may come equipped with exotic sound system, which may include numerous speaker, a power booster and a digital music storage device.)

Restraint system-

-  Protects occupants during collision

-  Deploys when system detects rapid vehicle deceleration

Suspension system-

-  Stability control system controls shock absorber Stiffness

-  Active suspension system makes wheels follow road surface

     
( Suspension system that uses hydraulic rams instead of conventional suspension system springs and shock absorbers. The hydraulic rams supports the weight of the car and also react to the road surface and different driving conditions.)

Break system-

Anti lock break system maintains-

-  Directional stability

-  Steer-ability
(Anti lock break system ABS - A break system that uses wheel speed sensor, a computer and hydraulic actuator to maintain the directional stability and steer-ability during breaking...) 

Traction control system-

-  Prevents slippage on slick pavements
-  Applies break to wheels individually
(A computer controlled system that prevents the vehicle's wheel from spinning and losing traction under hard acceleration. Most traction control system works with anti lock break system to cycle hydraulic pressure to the wheel spinning the fastest. The control module is capable of applying one wheel break at a time. Some system also reduce engine power output to reduce skidding )